Ndani Anapanga Roulette? Chiyambi cha Roulette
Magudumu angapo, dzina limodzi, mzinda umene pomaliza unalilemba.
Palibe munthu wolembedwa m’mbiri ngati amene anapanga roulette. Masewera monga tikuwadziwira amaonekera ku Paris kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, kuphatikiza gudumu lozungulira la masewera akale ndi dongosolo la mabetcha lobwerekedwa ku masewera a patebulo a ku Italy ndi ku England.
Makolo ake
Masewera atatu akale anapereka zigawo zake. Magudumu a E.O. (“even-odd”) a ku England a m’ma 1740 anali ndi gudumu lozungulira lokhala ndi tibowozipangizoKabowoChimodzi mwa tibowo 37 tokhala ndi manambala pa rotor. Kamatchedwanso: slot, cup.Werengani yonse → makumi anayi tolembedwa E kapena O ndi mpirazipangizoMpiraMpira waung’ono umene umaponyedwa mu njira motsutsana ndi rotor. Mipira yamakono ndi ya ivorine kapena Teflon, 18–21 mm.Werengani yonse → woponyedwa motsutsana nalo; analetsedwa mu 1745 koma anapitiriza kuseweredwa. Roly-poly, masewera akale a ku England, anali ofanana. Masewera a lotale a ku Italy otchedwa biribi, amene akuti anayambira ku Genoa cha m’ma 1750 ndipo ku France ankadziwika kuti cavagnole, ankagwiritsa ntchito bolodi la manambala 70 pamene osewera ankabetcha ndi thumba limene ankatulutsamo nambala; nambala yopambana inkabweza kuwirikiza ka 64 ndalama zobetcha, kuphatikizapo ndalama zobetchazo (63 ku 1), choncho wosunga banki ankasunga ma unitndalamaUnitNdalama zobetcha zoyambira zimene dongosolo kapena wosewera amagwiritsa ntchito. Maprogression amafotokozedwa mu ma unit kuti agwire ntchito pa tebulo lililonse.Werengani yonse → 6 pa ma unit 70 aliwonse obetchedwa, phindu la 8.57%. Casanova, amene anawasewera m’ma 1760, anawatcha masewera a achinyengo, ndipo France inawaletsa mu 1837. Anapereka lingaliro la dongosolo la mabetchazipangizoDongosolo la mabetchaGridi yosindikizidwa yobetchera pa tebulo. Imatchedwanso: tebulo, felt, nsalu.Werengani yonse → la manambala okhala ndi malipirondalamaMalipiroZimene betcha lopambana limabweza, zotchulidwa ngati “X ku 1” kuwonjezera pa ndalama zobetcha zobwezedwa.Werengani yonse → aakulu. Hoca, imene inkaseweredwa ku nyumba ya mfumu ya ku France m’ma 1600, inali ndi manambala makumi atatu ndi phindu la kasinomasamuPhindu la kasinoGawo la ndalama zobetcha zilizonse limene kasino imasunga pa avareji: 2.70% mu roulette ya ku Ulaya.Werengani yonse → lozikidwa pa malo osungidwira kasino. Palibe ngakhale imodzi mwa izi imene ili roulette; pamodzi ndiwo makolo ake.
Hoca ku nyumba ya mfumu ya ku France: manambala makumi atatu, malo a kasino. Inaletsedwa ndi Louis XIV, koma inapitiriza kuseweredwa.
Biribi ku Italy ndi France: bolodi la manambala, nambala yotulutsidwa m’thumba, malipiro aakulu.
Magudumu a E.O. m’nyumba za juga za ku England: gudumu lozungulira, mpira, awiriawiri kapena osakhala awiriawiri. Analetsedwa 1745.
Paris iphatikiza gudumu ndi dongosolo la manambala. Onse 0 ndi 00 ndi tibowo ta kasino.
Masewera a ku Palais-Royal amene buku la nkhani la Lablée (1801) limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane wodziwika.
Kodi roulette inapangidwa kuti? Ku Paris, pofika 1796
Buku la nkhani La Roulette, ou le Jour la Jaques Lablée, lofalitsidwa mu 1801, limafotokoza gudumu ku Palais-Royal mu 1796 lokhala ndi manambala 1 mpaka 36, zirogudumuZiroKabowo kamodzi kobiriwira kamene betcha la even-money, dazeni kapena mzati siliphimba; gwero la phindu la kasino. Imatchedwanso: ziro imodzi, 0.Werengani yonse → yofiirabetchaZofiiraBetcha la even-money pa manambala 18 ofiira. Mu Chifalansa: rouge.Werengani yonse → ndi ziro ziwirimtunduZiro ziwiriKabowo ka 00 pa gudumu la ku America. Kukhalapo kwake kumakweza phindu la kasino kuchoka pa 2.70% kufika 5.26%.Werengani yonse → zakudabetchaZakudaBetcha la even-money pa manambala 18 akuda. Mu Chifalansa: noir.Werengani yonse → zosungidwira kasino, ndi dongosolo la mabetcha lokhala ndi mabetcha amkati ndi mabetcha akunjabetchaBetcha lakunjaBetcha pa mabokosi ozungulira gridi: madazeni, mizati ndi mabetcha a even-money.Werengani yonse → monga momwe alili lero. Ndiko kufotokozera koyamba kwathunthu ndipo kale ndi masewera amakono. Palais-Royal linali dera la juga la ku Paris, lololedwa ndi lolipira msonkho, mpaka chiletso cha 1837 chinakankhira masewerawa ku matauni a akasupe a ku Germany.
Bad Homburg ndi Makasino a M’matauni a AkasupeMabetcha Amkati ndi Akunja mu Roulette
Dzina
Roulette ndi Chifalansa chotanthauza “kagudumu”. Mawuwa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masewera ena a magudumu asanakhazikike pa awa: lamulo la 1758 la New France, dziko lolamulidwa ndi France m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa St Lawrence, linali litaletsa kale “madayisi, hoca, faro ndi roulette”, monga Shelley (1988) akunenera, popanda kunena kuti roulette imeneyo inkaoneka bwanji. M’magwero akale a Chingerezi masewerawa nthawi zina amatchedwa “roulet” kapena amafotokozedwa ngati “E.O. ya ku France”. Pofika m’ma 1820 “roulette” inatanthauza masewera amodzi enieni kulikonse ku Ulaya.
Ziro ziwiri
Magudumu oyambirira a ku Paris anali ndi 0 ndi 00, zomwe zinapatsa kasino phindu la 5.26% pa gudumu la tibowo 38. Gudumu la ziro imodzi linali njira yamalonda ya abale a Blanc ku Bad Homburg mu 1843, yopangidwa kukopa osewera kuchoka ku matauni a akasupe opikisana nawo. Gudumu la ku America linasunga ziro zonse ziwiri chifukwa masewerawa anali atafika kale ku America kusinthaku kusanachitike ndipo kumeneko palibe amene anali ndi wopikisana naye woti amutsitsire mtengo. Magudumu ena oyambirira a ku America anapitirira apo: dongosolo lina la m’zaka za zana la 19 linali ndi manambala 1 mpaka 28 okha ndi 0, 00 ndi chiwombankhanga, linkalipira nambala imodzi 27 kwa 1, phindu la 12.90%, ndipo linkatenga 9.68% pa mizatibetchaMzatiManambala khumi ndi awiri mu mzati umodzi woimirira wa dongosolo la mabetcha, amalipira 2:1.Werengani yonse → yake ndi mitundu. Silinakhalitse.
Chifukwa chake inafalikira
Roulette sifuna luso, imamaliza betcha lililonse mphindi iliyonse, ndipo imalola osewera ambiri kubetcha nthawi imodzi motsutsana ndi kasino imene singaluze pakapita nthawi yaitali. Kwa woyendetsa kasino ndi masewera abwino koposa: ofulumira, osavuta, okulitsidwa mosavuta ndi opindulitsa pa mlingo wodziwika. Kwa boma imalipiritsidwa msonkho. Masewerawa anatsatira ndalama ndi zilolezo kuchokera ku Paris kupita ku Homburg, ku Monaco mpaka kulikonse.
Roulette ya Monte CarloKuyandikira pa Nthawi Yayitali: Lamulo la Manambala Akuluakulu mu Roulette
Zimene sizinasinthe
Dongosolo la mabetcha, malipiro (36/n − 1), ndondomeko yokhazikika ya kuzungulira kumodzi ndi ntchito ya dealer ndi zofanana m’kufotokozera kwa Lablée ndi pa kanema wa pompopompo lero. Dongosolo la manambala pa gudumu, ma deflectorzipangizoDeflectorChimodzi mwa zotchinga zachitsulo pa apron zomwe zimamwaza mpira wogwa. Chimatchedwanso: canoe, diamond, pin.Werengani yonse → ndi ma fretzipangizoFretChogawa chachitsulo pakati pa tibowo tiwiri pa gudumu.Werengani yonse → otsika ndi zokonzedwa za m’zaka za zana la 19 zolimbana ndi osewera amene anaphunzira kuyang’anitsitsa mpira. Ziro imodzi ndiyo kusintha kokha kumene kunakhudza mwayi, ndipo kunaukonza kukhala wabwinoko.
Mafunso
Anayesa magudumu ozungulira m’ma 1650 pa zifukwa zina. Zonenedwazi ndi za mwambo, osati zolembedwa. Onani tsamba lake.
Inali ndi chilolezo ku Palais-Royal mpaka 1837, kenako inaletsedwa mpaka 1907, pamene makasino a m’matauni a akasupe ndi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja analoledwanso.
Kuti mitundu isinthane mosalephera komanso kufalitsa okwera/otsika ndi osakhala awiriawiri/awiriawiri. Dongosolo lenileni linakhazikitsidwa m’zaka za zana la 19 ndipo silinasinthe.
Masamu Osangalatsa
Yesani nokha choyamba. Yankho lililonse labisika; litsegulireni mukakonzeka.
Biribi inkabweza 64 pa 1 pa nambala imodzi mwa 70, kuphatikizapo ndalama zobetcha: 63 ku 1. Kodi limenelo ndi phindu la kasino lotani? Likanapereka betcha pa manambala awiri, ndi malipirondalamaMalipiroZimene betcha lopambana limabweza, zotchulidwa ngati “X ku 1” kuwonjezera pa ndalama zobetcha zobwezedwa.Werengani yonse → otani amene akanasunga phindu lomwelo?
Onetsani yankho
Yankho Phindu la kasino ndi 6/70, 8.57%. Betcha la manambala awiri likanalipira 31 ku 1, nambala yathunthu.
Nambala imodzi imapambana kamodzi pa kujambula 70 ndipo imalipira ma unitndalamaUnitNdalama zobetcha zoyambira zimene dongosolo kapena wosewera amagwiritsa ntchito. Maprogression amafotokozedwa mu ma unit kuti agwire ntchito pa tebulo lililonse.Werengani yonse → 63; kujambula kwina 69 kumataya 1: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, phindu la kasino la 8.57%. Mwanjira ina, banki imabweza 64 pamene masewera achilungamomasamuMasewera achilungamoMasewera amene palibe mbali yokhala ndi mwayi: betcha lililonse lili ndi mtengo woyembekezeka wa ziro.Werengani yonse → akanalipira 70.
Betcha la manambala awiri pa x ku 1 limapambana kawiri pa kujambula 70: ma unit 2x opambana poyerekeza ndi 68 otayika, mtengo woyembekezekamasamuMtengo woyembekezekaZotsatira zapakati pa betcha lililonse pa nthawi yayitali. −1/37 ya ndalama zobetcha pa betcha lililonse la ku Ulaya wamba.Werengani yonse → wa (2x − 68)/70. Ikani 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. Zimenezo ndi 32 kubwerera pa 1, theka la 64.
Malipiro a Biribi amatsatira 64/n kubwerera pa 1, ndipo 64 imagawika pakati bwinobwino pa manambala 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ndi 32, choncho mabetcha amenewo amatuluka athunthu. 36 ya roulette imagawika ndi 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 ndi 36, zimene zimagwirizana ndi dongosolo la mabetchazipangizoDongosolo la mabetchaGridi yosindikizidwa yobetchera pa tebulo. Imatchedwanso: tebulo, felt, nsalu.Werengani yonse → la mizere ya atatu.
Manambala 70 a Biribi, oikidwa m’mizere, anasiya malo a mabetcha anayi a manambala atatu. Malinga ndi lamulo limene lili kumbuyo kwa phindu la kasino la 8.57% la nambala imodzi, betcha la manambala atatu liyenera kulipira zingati? Malipiro athunthu apafupi kwambiri akanawononga zingati?
Onetsani yankho
Yankho 20⅓ ku 1. Kulipira 20 ku 1 kukanawononga 10%; kulipira 21 ku 1, 5.71%.
Lamulo lochokera m’chithunzithunzi pamwambapa: betcha pa manambala n limalipira 64/n kubwerera pa 1. Pa manambala atatu zimenezo ndi 64/3 = 21⅓ kubwerera, kapena 20⅓ ku 1, zimene palibe chipindalamaChipiChizindikiro choimira ndalama yokhazikika, choikidwa pa dongosolo la mabetcha kuti mupange betcha. Chimatchedwanso: check.Werengani yonse → chingalipire.
Betcha la manambala atatu pa x ku 1 limapambana ka 3 pa kujambula 70 ndipo limaluza ka 67: mtengo woyembekezeka wa (3x − 67)/70. Pa 20 ku 1: −7/70, 10%. Pa 21 ku 1: −4/70, 5.71%.
Kuzungulitsira pansi ndi gawo limodzi mwa atatu la unit kumawononga wosewera pafupifupi pointi imodzi ndi theka; kuzungulitsira m’mwamba kumabweza pafupifupi mapointi atatu. Makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi limodzi, ndi zogawa zake zambiri, zimapulumutsa roulette ku chisankho chimenecho pa betcha lililonse kupatula la manambala asanu la ku America.
Gudumu la chiwombankhanga la m’zaka za zana la 19 linali ndi tibowozipangizoKabowoChimodzi mwa tibowo 37 tokhala ndi manambala pa rotor. Kamatchedwanso: slot, cup.Werengani yonse → 31, 1 mpaka 28 kuphatikiza 0, 00 ndi chiwombankhanga, ndipo linkalipira 27 pa 1 pa nambala imodzi. Mabetcha ake a mzatibetchaMzatiManambala khumi ndi awiri mu mzati umodzi woimirira wa dongosolo la mabetcha, amalipira 2:1.Werengani yonse → ndi a mtundu ankawononga 9.68%. Kodi betcha la manambala anayi liyenera kulipira zingati, “pa 1”, kuti liwononge mofanana?
Onetsani yankho
Yankho 7 pa 1, zomwe zimawononga 3/31 = 9.68%.
Betcha limene limalipira X pa 1 limabweza ma unit X, kuphatikizapo ndalama zobetcha, likapambana. Betcha la manambala anayi limapambana ka 4 pa 31, choncho limabweza ma unit 4X pa 31 iliyonse yobetchedwa: mtengo woyembekezeka wa (4X − 31)/31.
Pa 7 pa 1 zimenezo ndi −3/31, 9.68%, mofanana ndi mizati ndi mitundu. Pa 8 pa 1 zikanakhala +1/31, phindu kwa wosewera. Choncho lamulo la gudumu la chiwombankhanga linali (28 − n)/n ku 1, tibowo titatu ta kasino mwa 31.
Nthabwala yopumitsa
Gudumu la ku England, dongosolo la ku Italy, dzina la ku France, ziro ziwiri.
Magwero
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, kope la 4.