Roulette ya Monte Carlo
Kasino imene inasandutsa dziko laling’ono la kalonga kukhala kwawo kwa gudumu la ziro imodzi.

Yotsegulidwa mu 1863 pansi pa François Blanc, Casino de Monte-Carlo inapangitsa gudumu la ku Ulaya kukhala muyezo wa ku Ulaya konse ndipo inapatsa roulette nkhani zake zodziwika kwambiri, kuchokera ku gudumu lokondera la Jagger kufika ku zakuda 26 za 1913.
N’chifukwa chiyani Monaco
M’ma 1850 Monaco inali thanthwe losauka lokhala ndi kalonga, nyumba yachifumu ndi lopanda mafakitale. Kutchova juga kunali kuletsedwa m’maiko a ku Germany, kumene makasino a m’matauni a akasupe anali atakula. Kalonga Charles III anapereka chilolezo cha kasino mu 1856; kuyesa koyamba kunalephera chifukwa chosowa njanji ndi msewu. François Blanc, amene anapangitsa Bad Homburg kukhala yotchuka, anagula chilolezocho mu 1863, anamanga Société des Bains de Mer, anakakamiza kuti njanji kuchokera ku Nice imangidwe, ndipo anatcha dera latsopanolo Monte Carlo potsatira kalonga. Kasino inapereka ndalama ku boma mokwanira kotero kuti msonkho wa ndalama zopeza unathetsedwa mu 1869 ndipo sunabwerere konse.
Ziro imodzi ngati lamulo
Blanc anabweretsa gudumu la zirogudumuZiroKabowo kamodzi kobiriwira kamene betcha la even-money, dazeni kapena mzati siliphimba; gwero la phindu la kasino. Imatchedwanso: ziro imodzi, 0.Werengani yonse → imodzi kuchokera ku Homburg. Ku Monte Carlo silinali njira yopikisana koma muyezo: tebulo lililonse, tsiku lililonse. Osewera ochokera ku Ulaya konse anaphunzira masewera a roulette a Monte Carlo pa 2.70% ndipo anayembekezera zomwezo kwina, n’chifukwa chake ziro ziwirimtunduZiro ziwiriKabowo ka 00 pa gudumu la ku America. Kukhalapo kwake kumakweza phindu la kasino kuchoka pa 2.70% kufika 5.26%.Werengani yonse → imapulumuka kokha kumene Monte Carlo sinakhazikitse muyezo.
Chilolezo choyamba cha kasino ku Monaco. Chikulephera: palibe msewu, palibe njanji, osewera ochepa.
François Blanc akutenga ulamuliro. Société des Bains de Mer ikukhazikitsidwa.
Njanji kuchokera ku Nice ikutsegulidwa. Alendo akufika ndi sitima zodzaza.
Msonkho wa ndalama zopeza ukuthetsedwa ku Monaco.
Joseph Jagger akupeza kukondera m’magudumu ndipo akupambana chuma chambiri; kasino ikusunthasuntha magudumu ake, kenako ikuwasintha.
Charles Wells “akuswa banki” kangapo m’masiku ochepa, ndi mwayi ndi dongosolo limene sanalifotokoze konse.
Zakuda 26 motsatizana. Chinyengo cha wotchova juga chikupeza dzina lake lina.
Casino de Monte-Carlo ikutaya ulamuliro wake wokha pa kutchova juga ku Riviera pamene makasino a ku France akutsegulidwanso.
Kuswa banki
Tebulo lililonse la roulette ku Monte Carlo linali ndi ndalama zosungidwa, “banki”. Pamene wosewera wapambana kuposa ndalama zosungidwazo, tebulo linaphimbidwa ndi nsalu yakudabetchaZakudaBetcha la even-money pa manambala 18 akuda. Mu Chifalansa: noir.Werengani yonse → pamene ndalama zina zinali kubweretsedwa: banki “inaswedwa”. Zinachitika kawirikawiri ndipo zinali malonda abwino kwambiri; sizinatanthauze kuti kasino inataya ndalama yonse, koma kuti ndalama za tebulo limodzi zinatha. Charles Wells anachita zimenezi kangapo mu 1891 ndi nthawi yodabwitsa, anakhala nyimbo ya m’maholo a nyimbo, ndipo anataya gawo lake m’nyengo yozizira imeneyo.

Nkhani
Gudumu lokonderalabuGudumu lokonderaGudumu limene zolakwika zake zakuthupi zimapangitsa tibowo tina kukhala ndi kuthekera kopitirira 1/37. Ndi losowa, ndipo limadziwika pokhapokha ndi kuzungulira masauzande ambiri kolembedwa.Werengani yonse → la Joseph Jagger (cha m’ma 1880), Wells (1891) ndi zakuda 26 (1913) zonse zinachitika kuno, ndipo iliyonse ili ndi tsamba lake. Dipatimenti ya malonda ya kasino, imene inali patsogolo pa nthawi yake, inaonetsetsa kuti iliyonse inanenedwa m’manyuzipepala a ku London. Nthano ya malo kumene chuma chinapambanidwa inagulitsa matikiti a njanji ambiri kuposa nkhani iliyonse yoona ya 2.70%.
Masewera a roulette a Monte Carlo lero
Kasino idakali kugwira ntchito, ndipo roulette idakali pakati pa holo yaikulu, ndi magudumu a ziro imodzi ndi malamulo a ku France (la partagelamuloLa partageLamulo la ku France: ziro ikatuluka, theka la ndalama zobetcha pa even-money limabwezedwa. Limachepetsa phindu la kasino ndi theka pa mabetcha amenewo kufika 1.35%.Werengani yonse → kapena en prisonlamuloEn prisonLamulo la ku France: ziro ikatuluka, betcha la even-money limasungidwa kwa kuzungulira kotsatira m’malo moluzidwa. Limachepetsa phindu la kasino ndi theka pa mabetcha amenewo.Werengani yonse → pa even money). Société des Bains de Mer idakali kampani yaikulu ya dzikolo. Njira ya Monte Carlo mu masamu, yotchedwa ndi Ulam ndi von Neumann m’ma 1940 potsatira kasino, ndiyo imayendetsa zoyerekezera za patsamba lino.
Mafunso
Ayi. Zakhala zoletsedwa kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 19; kasino inali ya alendo.
Zimanenedwa mofanana m’nkhani za pambuyo pake; zolemba za kasino za nthawi imeneyo sizili poyera. KuthekeramasamuKuthekeraMwayi wa zotsatira, kuchokera 0 mpaka 1 kapena 0% mpaka 100%. Nambala imodzi: 1/37 = 2.70%.Werengani yonse → kukugwirizana ndi zimenezo kuchitika kwinakwake m’zaka makumi asanu za masewera.
Amalume ake a Stanislaw Ulam ankatchova juga kumeneko; dzinali linali mawu achinsinsi a kusankha zitsanzo mwachisawawa pa Manhattan Project.
Nthabwala yopumitsa

Banki inaswedwa kawirikawiri. Kasino sinali pangozi konse.
Magwero
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.