Mayeso a Chi-Square

Kuwerengera

Chiwerengero choyembekezeka pa kabowozipangizoKabowoChimodzi mwa tibowo 37 tokhala ndi manambala pa rotor. Kamatchedwanso: slot, cup.Werengani yonse → kalikonse ndi n/37. Pa kabowo kalikonse, chulukitsani ndi chokha kusiyana pakati pa zoonedwa ndi zoyembekezeka ndipo gawani ndi zoyembekezeka; phatikizani magawo 37. Gudumu lachilungamo limapereka mitengo yozungulira 36 pa avareji (madigiri a ufululabuMadigiri a ufuluChiwerengero cha mitengo yodziyimira payokha mu chiwerengero cha ziwerengero. Pa mayeso a chi-square pa tibowo 37 ndi 36, chifukwa ziwerengero ziyenera kuphatikizana kufika chiwerengero chonse.Werengani yonse →), ndi kupatuka kokhazikikamasamuKupatuka kokhazikikaMuzu wa sikweya wa kusinthasintha; mtunda wanthawi zonse wa zotsatira kuchokera ku mtengo woyembekezeka.Werengani yonse → kwa pafupifupi 8.5. Pamwamba pa 51.0 ndi kofunika pa mlingo wa 5%; pamwamba pa 58.6 pa 1%. Chosanthula Kukondera kwa Gudumu la Roulette chimawerengera chiwerengerocho ndi p-valuelabup-valueKuthekera koona kupatuka kofanana kapena kokulirapo kuposa komwe kwaonedwa ngati gudumu likanakhala lachilungamo.Werengani yonse → yeniyeni kuchokera ku regularized incomplete gamma function.

Chitsanzo chowerengedwa

Kuzungulira 1,000. Tibowo makumi atatu ndi tisanu ndi timodzi tili ndi kugunda pakati pa 20 ndi 34; kabowo 8 kali ndi 41. Zoyembekezeka ndi 27.03. Gawo la kabowo 8 lokha ndi (41 − 27.03)²/27.03 = 7.2. Tiyerekeze kuti magawo ena 36 akwana 38 (zofala). χ² = 45.2 pa df 36, p ≈ 0.14. Si kofunika: gudumu lachilungamo limachita zimenezi kamodzi pa kasanu ndi kawiri. Kabowo 8 n’kokayikiridwa chabe, osati chopezeka, ndipo yankho ndi kuzungulira kwina chikwi chimodzi.

Malingaliro oyambira

Kuzungulira kodziyimira payokhamasamuKuzungulira kodziyimira payokhaKuzungulira kulikonse kuli ndi kuthekera kofanana mosasamala kanthu za mbiri. Maziko a kuwerengera kulikonse pa tsamba lino.Werengani yonse →, ndi ziwerengero zoyembekezeka za 5 pang’ono pa kabowo kalikonse, zimene zikutanthauza n ≥ 185 kuti mayeso akhale ovomerezeka n’komwe ndi zochuluka kwambiri kuti akhale othandiza. Kusakaniza kuzungulira kuchokera pa magudumu osiyana kumaphwanya lingaliro loyamba mwa mzimu (mukuyesa chisakanizo, osati gudumu). Zotsatira za chizindikiro cha dealer zikanaliphwanya kwenikweni, ndipo zikanakweza χ² popanda kabowo kalikonse kukondedwa mwakuthupi.

Chizindikiro cha Dealer wa RouletteKuzungulira kwa Roulette Kodziyimira Payokha

Pearson ndi Monte Carlo

Karl Pearson anafalitsa mayesowa mu 1900, ndipo chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zake zoyamba zowerengedwa chinali kuzungulira kwa roulette ya Monte Carlo 26,306 kolembedwa, kumene anapeza kuti n’kosafanana kwambiri kuti kukhale mwangozi ndipo analengeza kuti “Monte Carlo roulette… is not a game of chance” (roulette ya Monte Carlo si masewera a mwayi). Olemba a pambuyo pake anamaliza kuti atolankhani amene analemba kuzungulira kwa nyuzipepala anakupanga kochuluka, ndipo limenelo ndi phunziro lake lokha lokhudza kumene zambiri zimachokera.

Roulette ya Monte Carlo

Mayeso enieni: magudumu odziyendetsa ku Las Vegas

Osewera kawirikawiri amakayikira kuti gudumu lodziyendetsa limalondolera mpirazipangizoMpiraMpira waung’ono umene umaponyedwa mu njira motsutsana ndi rotor. Mipira yamakono ndi ya ivorine kapena Teflon, 18–21 mm.Werengani yonse → kutali ndi mabetcha akuluakulu. Kusanthula kwa 2017 kunayesa kukayikira kumeneku pa magudumu a Interblock a zirogudumuZiroKabowo kamodzi kobiriwira kamene betcha la even-money, dazeni kapena mzati siliphimba; gwero la phindu la kasino. Imatchedwanso: ziro imodzi, 0.Werengani yonse → ziwiri opanda dealer ku Las Vegas, kubetcha pa mbali ya manambala asanu oyandikana, mtundu wa betcha umene wheel clocker amapanga. Pa kuzungulira 299 mbaliyo inapambana ka 29 poyerekeza ndi 39.3 zoyembekezeka, kuchepa kumene gudumu lachilungamo limapanga pafupifupi 4% ya nthawi. Chi-square pa tibowo tonse 38 inali 45.29 pa madigiri a ufulu 37: p = 16.5%. Chitsanzo chachiwiri cha kuzungulira 1,204 pa magudumu atatu chinapereka χ² = 34.79, p = 57%, ndipo palibe mbali ya kukula kulikonse yoyesedwa imene inali yofunika. Zitsanzo zonse ziwiri pamodzi, kuzungulira 1,503, zinapereka χ² = 41.75, p = 27%. Chigamulo chinali chakuti palibe umboni wa kulondolera. Chitsanzo choyamba chokha chinaoneka chokayikitsa; chachiwiri ndicho chinathetsa nkhaniyi.

Kupitirira chi-square

Pa kabowo kamodzi kokayikiridwa mayeso a binomial ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Pa mbali yokayikiridwa, z-test ya gawogudumuGawoMndandanda wolumikizana wa tibowo pa gudumu, mosiyana ndi gulu pa dongosolo la mabetcha.Werengani yonse → patsamba la Kusanthula Magawo. Chi-square ndi mayeso a zonse pamodzi: imakuuzani kuti china chake sichili bwino popanda kunena kuti n’chiyani. Igwiritseni ntchito choyamba, kenako yang’anani.

Kusanthula Magawo

Fomula

Mafunso