Joseph Jagger: Njira ya Roulette ku Monte Carlo

Zimene zolembedwa zimasonyeza

Joseph Hobson Jagger anabadwa pa 2 September 1830 ku Shelf, pakati pa Bradford ndi Halifax. Anakwatira Matilda Townend ali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndipo anali ndi ana anayi. Anagwira ntchito mu malonda a nsalu moyo wake wonse: ngati wosunga nyumba yosungiramo katundu, ngati mnzake mu fakitale yokonza ulusi wa warp, ngati womaliza nsalu ku Manchester. Kalembera wa 1861 amamutcha wothandizira malonda a thonje ndi nsalu ndipo wilo yake ya 1881 amamutcha wopanga zinthu. Palibe chikalata chimene chimamutcha injiniya. Mawu amenewo, ndi “makanika”, amachokera m’mabuku onena za Monte Carlo.

Mu April 1860 bizinesi yake ya ku Manchester inagwa, ndipo London Gazette inamulemba pakati pa amangawa olephera kubweza amene amayenera kumvedwa ku Lancaster Castle. Mwana wake wamng’ono kwambiri anali ndi zaka ziwiri. Wolemba mbiri yake Anne Fletcher, mdzukulu wake wa m’badwo wachisanu ndi wolemba mbiri ya cholowa, anapeza zidziwitsozo ndipo anapeza banja likubwezabe ngongole patapita zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Sanapeze kulephera kubweza ngongole mu 1880 kapena 1881, ngakhale manyuzipepala angapo kuyambira pamenepo anena kuti kunali.

Nkhaniyi monga mmene inasindikizidwira koyamba

Nkhani yakale kwambiri ndi buku la Victor Bethell, Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play (1901). Bethell amamutcha “Jaggers”, munthu wa ku Yorkshire ndi makanika pa ntchito yake, ndipo sapereka dzina loyamba kapena chaka. M’nkhani yake Jaggers analemba ntchito alembi asanu ndi mmodzi, anawakhazika pa matebulo osiyana kuti alembe nambala iliyonse tsiku lonse, ndipo patapita mwezi umodzi anapeza malo ofooka pa gudumu lililonse. Iye ndi anthu ake anapambana £120,000. Kasino inayamba kusuntha magudumu kuchoka pa tebulo kupita pa lina usiku uliwonse, ndipo Jaggers anawazindikira ndi zizindikiro zing’onozing’ono, mkwapulo kapena kadontho mu penti. Anataya £40,000 ya zopambanazo ndipo anachoka ndi pafupifupi £80,000, zimene pa ma franc 25 pa paundi imodzi a nthawi imeneyo ndi ma franc miliyoni ziwiri. Tsiku lokhalo limene Bethell amapereka ndi lakuti zonsezi zinachitika “zaka zoposa makumi awiri zapitazo”.

Bethell anali kulemba patapita zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa chochitikacho ndipo satchula mboni iliyonse. Fletcher anafufuza manyuzipepala a m’deralo, a dziko lonse ndi a maiko ena ndipo sanapeze lipoti la kupambanako, ndipo pamene bambo ake analembera kasino anauzidwa kuti mapepala ake a nthawi imeneyo anawonongedwa.

Mmene nkhaniyi inakulira

Wolemba aliyense wa pambuyo pake anawonjezera kanthu, ndipo zowonjezerazo ndizo zimene anthu ambiri amadziwa.

Nthawi imene anali kumeneko

Fletcher amaika ulendo woyamba mu 1880 kapena 1881 kuchokera ku umboni anayi. Jagger sali m’banja lake lomwe m’kalembera wa April 1881, kumene mkazi wake analembedwa ngati mutu wa banja. Chikalata cha malo cha August 1881 chimamutchula ku 6 Greaves Street, Bradford, nyumba imene anagula chaka chimenecho, ndipo mu October analemba wilo ya munthu wokhala ndi chuma. Wachinayi ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha chimene chapulumuka, kiyi ya chikumbutso m’bokosi la mphatso, yosungidwa m’banja. Mawu olembedwapo, ochokera kwa “abwenzi ndi okonda” ake, amanena za kupambana kwake pa roulette motsutsana ndi banki ku Monte Carlo “kwa nthawi ya zaka zinayi”, ndipo ali ndi tsiku la 1 May 1884.

Fletcher amamvetsa zimenezi ngati maulendo angapo pakati pa cha m’ma 1880 ndi 1884, osati sabata imodzi. Nthawi imene anaonerera, ndi nthawi imene anasewera, sizinalembedwe kulikonse.

Amene anapita naye

Alembi asanu ndi mmodzi a Bethell alibe umboni, ndipo Fletcher akunena kuti holoyo inali ndi matebulo a roulette anayi kapena asanu okha pa nthawiyo. Mwambo umodzi wa banja, wolembedwa ndi mnzake amene anaona makalata amene pambuyo pake anawonongedwa, ndi wakuti mwana wake wamkulu Alfred anapita naye. Fletcher akuwonjezera mphwake, Oates Jagger, woyendetsa injini ya sitima, chifukwa cha chuma chake chosafotokozedwa cha pambuyo pake; zimenezo ndi maganizo ake. Nthambi ina ya banja nthawi zonse inanena kuti anapita ndi kapitawo wake. Ndalama za ulendowo zinabwerekedwa kwa achibale, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo, msuweni, akutchulidwa kuti anabwezeredwa.

Zimene kasino inachita

Apanso Bethell ndiye gwero loyamba. Akunena kuti kasino inayamba ndi kusinthanitsa magudumu kuchoka pa tebulo kupita pa lina usiku uliwonse, ndipo pamene zimenezo zinalephera inatumiza munthu ku kampani ya ku Paris imene inawapanga. Kampaniyo inapanga magudumu atsopano okhala ndi zogawa zosunthika, kotero kuti kabowozipangizoKabowoChimodzi mwa tibowo 37 tokhala ndi manambala pa rotor. Kamatchedwanso: slot, cup.Werengani yonse → kamene kanali moyang’anizana ndi zirogudumuZiroKabowo kamodzi kobiriwira kamene betcha la even-money, dazeni kapena mzati siliphimba; gwero la phindu la kasino. Imatchedwanso: ziro imodzi, 0.Werengani yonse → tsiku lina kankatha kukhala kwina tsiku lotsatira. Polovtsoff, amene anatsogolera International Sporting Club ku Monte Carlo m’ma 1930, akunena chimodzimodzi: magudumu atsopano okhala ndi ziwalo zosinthanitsika, zosakanizidwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Magudumu akale anasinthidwa, osati kukonzedwa.

Kuyang’anira gudumu lililonse m’mawa ndi chida choyezera kusalala kumatsimikiziridwa bwino. Adolphe Smith anakuonera cha m’ma 1912, ndipo Polovtsoff akukufotokoza mu 1937. Palibe aliyense wa iwo amene akunena kuti kunayamba ndi Jagger, ndipo palibe chikalata cha kasino chimene chimagwirizanitsa zilizonse za njira zimenezi ndi iye.

Casino de Monte-CarloKuyeza Gudumu Mwakuthupi

Kukula kumene kukondera kumayenera kukhala

Njira ya roulette ya Joseph Jagger, monga mmene nkhaniyi imanenera, inali kubetcha manambala amene gudumu limakonda, ndipo zimenezo zimapindulitsa kokha kupitirira malire ena. Betcha la straight upbetchaStraight upNambala imodzi, amalipira 35:1.Werengani yonse → limalipira 35 pa 1, kotero nambala iyenera kupambana kawirikawiri kuposa kamodzi pa kuzungulira 36 betcha pa iyo lisanapeze kanthu. Pa gudumu losakondera la ziro imodzi imapambana kamodzi pa 37.

Tiyerekeze kuti alembi analemba gudumu limodzi kwa mwezi umodzi pa kuzungulira 500 patsiku: kuzungulira 15,000. Nambala yosakondera ikanatuluka pafupifupi nthawi 405, kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera 20. Nambala imene inatuluka nthawi 465 ikanakhala patsogolo ndi “kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera” katatu kumeneko, chinthu chimene mwayi wokha pafupifupi sumachipanga konse. Nambala yotere imapambana pafupifupi kamodzi pa kuzungulira 32, ndipo betcha pa iyo limapeza 11.6%: tchipisindalamaChipiChizindikiro choimira ndalama yokhazikika, choikidwa pa dongosolo la mabetcha kuti mupange betcha. Chimatchedwanso: check.Werengani yonse → 36 zobwerera pa 32.3 iliyonse yobetchedwa. Mwezi umodzi wowerenga moleza mtima ndi wokwanira kupeza vuto la kukula kumeneko, ndipo ndi wochepa kwambiri kupeza laling’ono kwambiri. Kuzungulira 500 patsiku ndi lingaliro chabe la kuwerengera; palibe amene analemba liwiro limene matebulo amenewo anali kuyenda.

Kukula kwa ChitsanzoBetcha la Straight Up la Roulette

Pambuyo pake

Jagger sanagule nyumba yaikulu yapamwamba. Mu 1881 anagula 6 Greaves Street ku Little Horton, Bradford, ndipo m’zaka pafupifupi khumi zotsatira, malinga ndi kuwerenga kwa Fletcher, nyumba zosachepera makumi atatu ndi ziwiri zolumikizana pafupi, zobwerekedwa kapena zokhalidwa ndi achibale. Iye amakhulupirira kuti anapereka pafupifupi gawo limodzi pa atatu la ndalamazo kwa amuna awiri amene anapita naye. Palibe chizindikiro chakuti analengeza kupambanako poyera. Anamwalira ku 25 Greaves Street pa 25 April 1892, ali ndi zaka 61; satifiketi ya imfa imanena za matenda a shuga. Anaikidwa m’manda ku Bethel Chapel ku Shelf, pafupi ndi kumene anabadwira. Mtengo weniweni wa chuma chake unali £1,710.

Nyimbo

“The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” inaimbidwa koyamba mu 1892, chaka chimene Jagger anamwalira, ndipo banja lake kwa nthawi yaitali linakhulupirira kuti inali yonena za iye. Sinali choncho. Fred Gilbert anailemba pambuyo pa nthawi yopambana ya Charles Wells ya 1891, imene inadzaza manyuzipepala (onani Munthu Amene Anaswa Banki). Charles Kingston ananena mfundo yomweyo mu 1925: ulemuwo unapita kwa wachinyengo amene anabwera pambuyo pa munthu wa ku Yorkshire.

Mafunso