Osewera Roulette Otchuka

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Wamalonda wa nsalu wochokera ku Shelf, pafupi ndi Bradford, amene kampani yake ya ku Manchester inagwa mu 1860. Cha m’ma 1880 anapita ku Monte Carlo, analembetsa zotsatira za magudumu, ndipo anabetcha manambala amene anatuluka kawirikawiri kwambiri. Nkhani yakale kwambiri, buku la Victor Bethell la 1901, imati anapambana £120,000, anataya £40,000 mwa iwo ndipo anachoka ndi pafupifupi £80,000, pafupifupi ma franc miliyoni ziwiri, ndipo kuti kasino poyamba inasuntha magudumu ake kuchoka pa tebulo kupita pa lina usiku uliwonse kenako inaitanitsa atsopano okhala ndi zogawa zosunthika. Palibe nyuzipepala ya nthawi imeneyo imene inanena za kupambana kumeneko, ndipo mapepala a kasino a zaka zimenezo kulibe. Wolemba mbiri yake Anne Fletcher (2018), mdzukulu wake wa m’badwo wachisanu, amaika ulendo woyamba mu 1880 kapena 1881, osati 1873 kapena 1875 ya nkhani zakale. Alembi asanu ndi mmodzi olembedwa ntchito ndi a Bethell; mndandanda wa manambala asanu ndi anayi ndi chikanda chimene akuti anachicheka pa gudumu zimaonekera koyamba mu 1951, ndipo palibe chimene chimazitsimikiza. Pamene anamwalira mu 1892 chuma chake chinali chochepa. Tsamba la Joseph Jagger: Njira ya Roulette ku Monte Carlo limafufuza umboni.

Joseph Jagger: Njira ya Roulette ku Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Wachinyengo ndi wopanga zinthu amene anafika ku Monte Carlo mu 1891 ndi ndalama zosonkhanitsidwa pa chinthu chabodza chopangidwa ndipo anaswa banki kangapo m’masiku ochepa, napambana pafupifupi £40,000 ndi nthawi yodabwitsa. Ananena kuti anali ndi dongosolo losalephera ndipo sanalifotokoze konse. Anakhala “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” mu nyimbo ya m’maholo a nyimbo, anataya gawo la ndalamazo m’nyengo yozizira imeneyo, ndipo anakhala nthawi yaitali ya moyo wake wotsala m’ndende chifukwa cha chinyengo. Kaya dongosolo lake linali lotani, zotsatira zake zinali mwayi.

Munthu Amene Anaswa Banki

Hibbs ndi Walford (1947)

Mu 1947 ophunzira awiri a University of Chicago, Albert Hibbs, amene anali kumaliza digiri ya master mu masamu, ndi Roy Walford, wophunzira wa udokotala, anakhala tchuthi ku Reno akulemba kuzungulira. Anali kufunafuna magudumu amene manambala ena anatuluka kawirikawiri kuposa mmene 1 pa 38 imalolera, anapeza ena, anawabetcha, ndipo anapitirira ku Las Vegas. Magazini ya Life inafotokoza nkhaniyi mu December 1947 pansi pa mutu wakuti “How to Win $6,500”; nkhani za pambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo ya Hibbs mwini, zimapereka ziwerengero zazikulu, ndipo Thorp, polemba mu 1998, anaiika mu 1949–50. Ndalamazo zinalipira bwato la matanga la mapazi 40 ndi chaka chopitirira ku Caribbean. Hibbs anapita ku Jet Propulsion Laboratory, kumene anakhala liwu lake lodziwika kwambiri pagulu, ndipo Walford anakhala wofufuza za ukalamba. Kupambana kwawo ndiko koyamba ku America kolembedwa bwino kuchokera ku kukondera kwa gudumu, ndipo ndi kumene Thorp anali kuganizira mu 1955 pamene anasankha kuti magudumu opangidwa bwino adzayenera kugonjetsedwa ndi fiziki m’malo mwake.

Norman Leigh (1966)

M’chilimwe cha 1966 Norman Leigh, Mngelezi amene analemba kuti bambo ake anawonongeka chifukwa cha roulette, anatenga gulu la anthu khumi ndi awiri kupita ku Casino Municipal ku Nice. Monga mmene iye mwini amanenera ankasewera LabouchèrenjiraLabouchèreDongosolo lofufutira: lembani mzere wa manambala, betchani chiwerengero cha mapeto awiri, afufuteni mutapambana, onjezerani ndalama zobetcha zotayika mutaluza.Werengani yonse → yotembenuzidwa pa mwayi onse asanu ndi umodzi wa even pa matebulo awiri, anapambana kwambiri pa mausiku angapo, ndipo anaimitsidwa pamene kasino inatseka matebulo ndi kuwaletsa m’makasino a ku France. Buku lake, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), ndilo mboni yokhayo yathunthu, ndipo ziwerengero zake sizingafufuzidwe. Dongosololi silingazifotokoze: Labouchère yotembenuzidwa imadula 1.35% ya ndalama zonse zobetchedwandalamaNdalama zonse zobetchedwaNdalama zonse zobetchedwa mu gawo la masewera kapena nthawi inayake, kuphatikizapo ndalama zopambana zobetchedwanso. Zimatchedwanso: handle, action.Werengani yonse → ndi la partagelamuloLa partageLamulo la ku France: ziro ikatuluka, theka la ndalama zobetcha pa even-money limabwezedwa. Limachepetsa phindu la kasino ndi theka pa mabetcha amenewo kufika 1.35%.Werengani yonse → ndipo imapambana kokha m’gawo la apo ndi apo pamene mzere ukukwera mpaka pamwamba (onani Njira ya Roulette ya Labouchère). Osewera khumi ndi awiri pa mwayi asanu ndi umodzi pa mausiku angapo amasewera magawo ambiri, ochepa mwa iwo anali oyenera kukhala kupambana kwakukulu, ndipo kasino kutseka masewera kunaletsa mwayi kufanana.

Nthano: Njira ya Roulette Imene Imapambana Nthawi ZonseNjira ya Roulette ya Labouchère

Thorp ndi Shannon (1961)

Edward Thorp, amene pambuyo pake anagonjetsa blackjack powerenga makadi, ndi Claude Shannon, woyambitsa chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, anapanga kompyuta yoyamba yovala: chipangizo chokula ngati paketi ya ndudu chimene chinayeza nthawi ya mpirazipangizoMpiraMpira waung’ono umene umaponyedwa mu njira motsutsana ndi rotor. Mipira yamakono ndi ya ivorine kapena Teflon, 18–21 mm.Werengani yonse → ndi rotorzipangizoRotorGawo lozungulira la gudumu limene limanyamula tibowo.Werengani yonse → ndi kutumiza liwu ku chomvera m’khutu kutchula gawo limodzi pa asanu ndi atatu la gudumu. Chinagwira ntchito m’chipinda chapansi cha Shannon pa gudumu logulidwa ndipo nthawi zina ku Las Vegas, kumene mawaya anadukika ndipo chomvera m’khutu chinaoneka. Analeka chifukwa cha zifukwa zothandiza; Thorp analengeza dongosolo mu 1966 ndipo analifotokoza lonse mu 1979 ndi 1984 (onani Kusewera Roulette Mofuna Mwayi).

A Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Gulu la ophunzira a fiziki a digiri yapamwamba ku Santa Cruz linapanga makompyuta ang’onoang’ono a digito oti avale m’kasino: wosewera mmodzi anayeza nthawi ya gudumu ndi masiwichi a zala za m’mapazi, kompyuta inalosera gawogudumuGawoMndandanda wolumikizana wa tibowo pa gudumu, mosiyana ndi gulu pa dongosolo la mabetcha.Werengani yonse →, ndipo wosewera wachiwiri analandira kulosera kudzera mu kunjenjemera ndi kukubetcha. Mu 1977 ndi 1978 kompyuta inamangidwa pansi pa mkono; mtundu wa pambuyo pake, womangidwa m’phazi la nsapato, unapita ku Las Vegas mu November 1981 ndipo unagonjetsedwa ndi phokoso lamagetsi la makasino. Mayeso awo analonjeza phindu la 44%, ndipo gawo lawo loyamba lalitali pa tebulo lenileni linapereka pafupifupi 25%. Zipangizo sizinagwire ntchito nthawi yaitali: mawaya omasuka, kugwidwa ndi magetsi ndipo kamodzi kupsa ndi mawaya otentha kwambiri zinathetsa magawo ambiri. Anapambana madola masauzande ochepa pa ndalama zobetcha za dime ndi quarter, anawononga pafupifupi $15,000 ndipo anasiya buku labwino. Tsamba la The Eudaemons limafotokoza nkhaniyi.

The Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Dokotala wa ku America wobadwira ku Germany amene, ndi mkazi wake Carol ndi othandizira ochepa, analemba magudumu a zirogudumuZiroKabowo kamodzi kobiriwira kamene betcha la even-money, dazeni kapena mzati siliphimba; gwero la phindu la kasino. Imatchedwanso: ziro imodzi, 0.Werengani yonse → imodzi m’makasino a ku Ulaya m’ma 1960 ndi kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1970, makamaka ku Sanremo, ndipo anabetcha manambala amene anatuluka kawirikawiri kwambiri. Malinga ndi nkhani ya Carol Jarecki gudumu limodzi linkatha kutenga kuzungulira kopitirira 10,000 ndi nthawi yokwana mwezi umodzi. Nkhani ya imfa yake ya 2018 imanena kuti malinga ndi nkhani zambiri anapambana kuposa $1.2 miliyoni; chiwerengerocho sichinafufuzidwe konse. Anauza atolankhani kuti kompyuta ya ku University of London inathetsa chinsinsi cha masewerawa; nkhani ya imfa ya 2018 ndi wolemba mbiri ya roulette Russell Barnhart amafotokoza zimenezi ngati chobisira kuonerera wamba. Sanremo inamupempha kuti asabwere mu January 1969, inamuletsa ngati wotchova juga waukatswiri mu February ndi kumulolanso mkati mwa masiku ochepa, inasunthasuntha matebulo ake, ndipo pamapeto pake inasintha magudumu pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi anayi. Anabwerera ku United States mu 1973 kapena 1974. Nkhani za nthawi imeneyo zimapereka zambiri.

Richard Jarecki: Dongosolo la Roulette

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (wobadwa 1947)

Wopanga nyimbo ndi wotsogolera mafilimu wa ku Spain amene, ndi ana ake ndi ana a abale ake, analemba pafupifupi kuzungulira 5,000 pa gudumu lililonse ku Casino Gran Madrid, kunja kwa mzindawo, kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1991, ndipo anabetcha tibowozipangizoKabowoChimodzi mwa tibowo 37 tokhala ndi manambala pa rotor. Kamatchedwanso: slot, cup.Werengani yonse → timene tinali patsogolo. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zake kabowo kabwino kwambiri kanapambana kamodzi pa kuzungulira 28 ndipo phindu linali pafupifupi 6%; amaika zopambanazo pa ma peseta 200 mpaka 250 miliyoni m’makasino angapo. Kasino inaletsa banjalo, boma linathetsa chiletsocho, ndipo apilo za kasino zinalephera, yomaliza ku Khoti Lalikulu mu June 2004. Khoti linanena kuti osewerawo anagwiritsa ntchito luntha ndi kompyuta basi, ndi kuti yankho lovomerezeka la kasino ndi kusuntha magudumu ake, kusintha ziwalo zake kapena kuwapanga bwino. Tsamba la Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Dongosolo la Roulette limafotokoza nkhaniyi yonse.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Dongosolo la RouletteRoulette ku Ulaya

Atatu a Ritz (2004)

Osewera atatu, amuna awiri ndi mkazi mmodzi ochokera ku Yugoslavia wakale ndi Hungary, anapambana pafupifupi £1.3 miliyoni pa mausiku awiri mu March 2004 ku Ritz Club ku London, kubetcha mochedwa pa magulu ang’onoang’ono a manambala oyandikana. Manyuzipepala ananena za laser scanner yobisika m’foni; palibe chipangizo chotere chimene chinapezeka. Anamangidwa ndi kumasulidwa, ndipo mu December 2004 apolisi anasiya mlanduwo ndi kubweza ndalamazo, chifukwa lamulo lakale lotsutsa kubera silinafike pa zimene anachita. Nkhani ya Bloomberg ya 2023 yokhudza mtsogoleri, wa ku Croatia wodziwika kuti Niko Tosa, imafotokoza kulosera ndi maso pa gudumu lopendekeka pang’ono, osati chipangizo. Gambling Act 2005 inasintha mlandu wakale ndi wina waukulu wa kubera, wogwira ntchito kuyambira 2007; ngati umaphatikizapo kulosera ndi maso sizinayesedwe konse kukhoti. Kunali kupambana komaliza kwakukulu kwapoyera motsutsana ndi roulette mwa kulosera.

Zimene osewera roulette opambana amafanana

Wopambana aliyense wolembedwa anayeza gudumu (Jagger, Hibbs ndi Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) kapena analosera mpira (Thorp, a Eudaemons, gulu la Ritz). Palibe ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo amene anapambana ndi kalembedwe ka mabetcha, ndipo wosewera mmodzi wotchuka wa dongosolo, Wells, anabweza gawo lake mkati mwa miyezi ndipo anathera m’ndende. Njira iliyonse imene anagwiritsa ntchito pamapeto pake inatsekedwa ndi makasino kusintha gudumu, malamulo kapena lamulo la boma. Masamba a Labu ya Roulette amafotokoza njirazo; tsamba lino limafotokoza chifukwa chake mwamva za anthu ochepa chotere.

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