Mbiri ya Roulette
Mbiri ya roulette imadutsa pa kuyesa kwa sayansi kumene kunalephera, chipinda cha masewera ku Paris, abale awiri m’tauni ya akasupe ku Germany, ndi kasino imene inapangitsa kabowo kamodzi kobiriwira kukhala kokhazikika ku Ulaya.
Gudumu lisanabwere
- 1654
Pascal ndi Fermat: vuto la mapointi; mtengo woyembekezeka.
Mtengo Woyembekezeka mu Roulette - 1655Gudumu lopanda cholinga
Blaise Pascal, pofunafuna makina oyenda kosatha, amapanga gudumu lozungulira lolinganizidwa bwino. Makinawo analephera; gudumulo linatsala ngati chipangizo chopanda kukangana chomwe chimaoneka chachisawawa.
Blaise Pascal: Nthano ya Gudumu la Roulette - 1657
Huygens afalitsa buku loyamba lonena za chiyembekezo.
- 1713
Jakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: lamulo la manambala akuluakulu.
Kuyandikira pa Nthawi Yayitali: Lamulo la Manambala Akuluakulu mu Roulette - m’ma 1740Roly-poly ndi E.O.
Nyumba za masewera za ku England zimazungulira magudumu okhala ndi mipata yawiriawiri ndi yosakhala awiriawiri. Masewerawa amaletsedwa mobwerezabwereza, zimene zimakankhira mitundu yake ku Ulaya.
Ndani Anapanga Roulette? Chiyambi cha Roulette - 1754
d’Alembert afalitsa chinyengo chomwe pambuyo pake chinatchedwa dzina lake ngati dongosolo.
Njira ya Roulette ya D'Alembert - 1758
New France (Quebec) iletsa madayisi, hoca, faro ndi “roulette”: chimodzi mwa zolemba zakale kwambiri za dzinali ngati masewera a juga.
- M’ma 1760
“Martingale” ilowa m’madikishonale a Chifalansa ngati mawu a m’misewu a juga.
Njira ya Roulette ya Martingale
Masewera
- 1796Paris, Palais-Royal
Buku la nthano la Jaques Lablée, La Roulette, limafotokoza gudumu lokhala ndi tibowo tiwiri ta kasino, 0 ndi 00, m’nyumba ya masewera ku Palais-Royal. Uku ndiko kufotokoza kwathunthu koyamba kwa masewera amakono.
Roulette m’Mabuku - M’ma 1800
Magudumu a ku America awonjezera kabowo ka chiwombankhanga: manambala atatu a kasino.
Gudumu ndi Malamulo a Roulette ya ku America - 1837
France iletsa makasino; masewera asamukira ku matauni a akasupe a ku Germany.
- 1841
Abale a Blanc atenga chilolezo cha Bad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
François ndi Louis Blanc amatsegula kasino m’tauni ya akasupe ya ku Germany ndipo amachotsa ziro ziwiri. Gudumu la ziro imodzi limachepetsa phindu la kasino ndi theka ndipo limakoka osewera kuchoka ku malo ena opikisana nawo.
Bad Homburg ndi Makasino a M’matauni a Akasupe - 1863Monte Carlo
Kutchova juga kutaletsedwa ku Germany konse, Blanc amatenga kasino yovutika ku Monaco. Monte Carlo imakhala chitsanzo cha roulette ya ku Ulaya; ziro imodzi ndiyo yokhazikika kumeneko.
Roulette ya Monte Carlo - 1866
Dostoevsky, The Gambler.
Roulettenburg ya Dostoevsky - 1868
Njanji kuchokera ku Nice kupita ku Monte Carlo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo - 1869
Monaco ichotsa msonkho wa ndalama zopeza.
- 1872
Prussia itseka makasino a ku Germany.
Osewera ndi mayeso
- M’ma 1870
Labouchère afalitsa dongosolo lofufuta manambala ku London.
Njira ya Roulette ya Labouchère - c. 1880Gudumu la Jagger
Joseph Jagger, wamalonda wa nsalu wa ku Yorkshire, amalembetsa zotsatira za magudumu a ku Monte Carlo ndipo amabetcha manambala amene amatuluka kwambiri. Amapambana chuma chambiri; kasino imasunthasuntha magudumu ake, kenako imawasintha.
Joseph Jagger: Njira ya Roulette ku Monte Carlo - 1891Munthu amene anaswa banki
Charles Wells amathetsa machipi a tebulo kangapo m’masiku ochepa, zimene zinayambitsa nyimbo ya m’maholo a zisudzo. Kafukufuku sanapeze dongosolo lililonse, koma mwayi chabe ndipo, pambuyo pake, chinyengo kwina.
Munthu Amene Anaswa Banki - 1900
Pearson afalitsa mayeso a chi-square pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kuzungulira ku Monte Carlo.
Mayeso a Chi-Square - 1907
France ibwezeretsa makasino movomerezeka m’matauni a akasupe ndi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja.
- 1913
Zakuda 26 motsatizana ku Monte Carlo.
Chinyengo cha Wotchova Juga - 1931
Nevada ivomereza juga ya m’makasino.
Magudumu a Roulette a ku Las Vegas - M’ma 1940
Ulam ndi von Neumann apatsa dzina njira ya Monte Carlo.
- 1953
Fleming, Casino Royale: Bond abetcha madazeni awiri pa roulette.
Njira ya Roulette ya James Bond - 1961
Thorp ndi Shannon apanga kompyuta yoyamba ya roulette yovala pathupi.
Makompyuta a Roulette - 1965
Dubins ndi Savage atsimikizira kuti kusewera molimba mtima ndiko kwabwino kwambiri m’masewera opanda chilungamo.
- 1969
Kafukufuku wa Thorp afotokoza chifukwa chake palibe dongosolo la kubetcha limene limagonjetsa masewera a mtengo woyembekezeka wotsika pansi pa ziro.
Nthano: Njira ya Roulette Imene Imapambana Nthawi Zonse - 1977–81
Makompyuta obisika a Eudaemons ku Nevada: pansi pa mkono mu 1978, mu nsapato mu 1981.
The Eudaemons - 1985
Nevada iika zida zolosera pa mlandu. Bass afalitsa The Eudaemonic Pie.
Kubera mu Roulette
Masewera amakono
- zaka za zana la 20Kuchokera ku matauni a akasupe kupita ku masikirini
Roulette imapita ku Las Vegas ndi ziro ziwiri zobwezeretsedwa, kenako ku matebulo a RNG a pa intaneti m’ma 1990 ndi ku magudumu a ma studio owulutsidwa pompopompo m’ma 2000.
Roulette ya ku Ulaya ndi ya ku America - M’ma 1990
Banja la García-Pelayo ligwiritsa ntchito magudumu okondera pafupi ndi Madrid; aletsedwa; makhoti athetsa chiletsocho (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Dongosolo la Roulette - 1996
Makasino oyamba a pa intaneti okhala ndi roulette ya RNG.
Roulette ya Pompopompo ndi Roulette ya RNG - 2003–06
Roulette ya dealer weniweni ifalitsidwa kuchokera ku ma studio; Riga ndi Malta zikhala malo apakati.
Momwe Roulette ya Pompopompo Imagwirira Ntchito - 2004
Gulu la ku Ritz lipambana £1.3m polosera mpira; laser imene inanenedwa sinapezeke; palibe mlandu.
Kusewera Roulette Mofuna Mwayi - 2005
UK Gambling Act: zilolezo zonse za juga ya pa intaneti.
Roulette ku UK - 2012
Small ndi Tse afalitsa fiziki ya kulosera mu roulette.
Fiziki ya Gudumu la Roulette - 2013
New Jersey iyambitsa makasino a pa intaneti oyang’aniridwa.
Roulette ku USA - 2016
Roulette ya ziro zitatu pa Las Vegas Strip.
Roulette ya Ziro Zitatu - 2018
Chiletso cha boma la US pa kubetcha masewera chithetsedwa; maboma a zigawo apanga malamulo.
- 2021
Germany ndi Netherlands zipereka zilolezo za masewera a kasino a pa intaneti.
Roulette ku Ulaya - 2026
Tsamba lino: tsiku lililonse lili pamwambapa, pamodzi ndi masamu ake.
Mzere umodzi wofunika
M’zaka mazana awiri ndi theka mwayi wa roulette unasintha kamodzi kokha mokomera wosewera (1843, ziro imodzi inachotsedwa) ndi kawiri motsutsana naye (chiwombankhanga m’ma 1800, ziro zitatu mu 2016). Zina zonse, madongosolo, makompyuta, ma studio, magetsi, zinasiya masamu momwe Lablée anawapezera: 36/n − 1 motsutsana ndi gudumu lokhala ndi kabowo kamodzi kowonjezera pa chiwerengerocho.
Mafunso
La Pascal. Mayeso ake a gudumu ndi enieni; kugwirizana kwake ndi roulette ndi kwa mwambo chabe.
M’zaka za zana la 19; dongosolo la ku Ulaya limene limagwiritsidwa ntchito lero linali lofala pofika nthawi ya Monte Carlo.
Mwina lokhudza malamulo. Gudumu latha kale.
Nthabwala yopumitsa
Zaka mazana awiri ndi theka, kusintha kumodzi kwabwino, kuwiri koipa, nkhani zambiri.
Magwero
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.