Makompyuta a Roulette

Mmene dongosolo loyamba la kompyuta ya roulette linapangidwira

Maganizo anabwera kwa Edward Thorp m’nyengo ya masika ya 1955, pamene anali wophunzira wa digiri yapamwamba ya fiziki ku UCLA: gudumu lopangidwa bwino kwambiri kuti likhale lokondera liyenera kuzunguliza mpirazipangizoMpiraMpira waung’ono umene umaponyedwa mu njira motsutsana ndi rotor. Mipira yamakono ndi ya ivorine kapena Teflon, 18–21 mm.Werengani yonse → modziwikiratu ngati pulaneti. Anajambula vidiyo ya gudumu lotsika mtengo la theka la kukula ndi wotchi yoyezera nthawi m’chithunzi ndipo anapeza kuti linali losakhazikika kwambiri kuti lilosedwe, ndipo ulendo wopita ku Nevada mu Disembala 1958 unamusonyeza kuti magudumu a makasino ankazungulira bwino. Kenako blackjack inatenga malo. Mu Novembala 1960, ku MIT, anapempha Claude Shannon kutumiza pepala lake la kuwerenga makadi ku National Academy of Sciences; kumapeto kwa msonkhano Shannon anafunsa kuti n’chiyani china chimene akugwira ntchito, ndipo ntchito ya roulette inasamukira m’chipinda chapansi cha Shannon. Anagula gudumu lovomerezeka kuchokera ku Reno pa $1,500, analiika pa tebulo lakale la biliyadi la mwala wa slate, ndi kuwerengera nthawi ya mpira poyerekeza ndi nyali ya strobe ndi wotchi yowerengedwa mpaka gawo limodzi mwa zana la sekondi. Ndi kuyeserera zolakwika zawo za nthawi zinatsika kuchoka pa pafupifupi 0.03 kufika pa 0.01 sekondi. Pofika Juni 1961 kompyuta inali ndi ma transistor khumi ndi awiri ndipo inali ya kukula kwa paketi ya ndudu: siwichi mu nsapato, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chala chachikulu cha phazi, inawerengera nthawi ya rotorzipangizoRotorGawo lozungulira la gudumu limene limanyamula tibowo.Werengani yonse → ndi mpira, ndipo liwu m’khutu limodzi linatchula limodzi mwa magawogudumuGawoMndandanda wolumikizana wa tibowo pa gudumu, mosiyana ndi gulu pa dongosolo la mabetcha.Werengani yonse → asanu ndi atatu a gudumu. Ku Las Vegas chilimwe chimenecho Shannon anawerengera nthawi pa gudumu ndi kulemba manambala ngati wosewera aliyense wa dongosolo, pamene Thorp ankabetcha masenti khumi kumapeto ena a tebulo. Maulosi anagwira ntchito, koma mawaya opyapyala ngati tsitsi opita ku choyika m’khutu ankangoduka, ndipo nthawi ina mkazi pafupi ndi Thorp anayang’ana mochita mantha sipika ikutuluka m’khutu lake. Sanabetchepo mozama. Thorp analengeza dongosolo la kompyuta ya roulette mu 1966 ndipo anafalitsa tsatanetsatane mu 1979 ndi 1984.

Makompyuta oyamba a digito

Makina a Thorp ndi Shannon anali a analog: circuit yake inali pulogalamu yake, ndipo kusintha njira kunatanthauza kuilumikizanso mawaya. Microprocessor inachotsa malire amenewo. Alan Lewis, wophunzira ku Caltech, anatenga kompyuta ya digito yodzipangira yekha m’chikwama cha kamera kupita nayo ku Circus Circus ku Las Vegas mu 1972, anawerengera nthawi ya magudumu kuchokera pa khonde pamwamba pa matebulo ndi kutumiza maulosi pa wailesi kwa mnzake pansi. Inagwira ntchito, ndipo sinapeze ndalama; anadziwa pambuyo pake kuti anasiya kupendekeka kwa gudumu. Kuyambira 1976 gulu la ophunzira a fiziki ku Santa Cruz, a Eudaemons, linachita ntchitoyi mokwanira. Anagula gudumu la kasino, anayeza mpira, rotor, kupendekeka ndi kudumpha, ndi kulemba masamu okhala ndi makonzedwe asanu amene wosewera ankasintha pa gudumu lililonse podina masiwichi a zala za mapazi kwa pafupifupi mphindi makumi awiri asanabetche. Kompyuta yawo inkatchula limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi atatu masekondi ochepa m’kuzungulira. Pa tebulo lenileni mu Januwale 1978 inapereka mwayi umene anaika pa 25%; zipangizo, zomangiriridwa ku thupi ndipo pambuyo pake zomangidwa mu nsapato, zinalephera kawirikawiri kwambiri kuposa fiziki (onani The Eudaemons).

Chifukwa chiyani mabetcha ochedwa anali ofunika

Kasino ingathe kuletsa kulosera kwathunthu pokana mabetcha mpira ukangoponyedwa. Thorp anapeza kuti pafupifupi palibe imene inachita zimenezo: ku Reno, Las Vegas, London, Monte Carlo, Nice, Venice ndi Puerto Rico chizolowezi chinali kulengeza “palibenso mabetchandondomekoPalibenso mabetchaMawu a dealer (kapena chidziwitso pa sikirini) otseka kubetcha. Machipi sangaikidwenso, kusunthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa.Werengani yonse →” kuzungulira kamodzi kapena kawiri mpira usanagwe. Mpata umenewo ndiwo umene dongosolo lililonse lolosera kuyambira pamenepo lafunikira, kuchokera ku a Eudaemons kufika ku kulengeza mochedwa kwa gulu la Ritz pa racetracktebuloRacetrackMzere wozungulira pa madongosolo a pompopompo ndi a pakompyuta wosonyeza manambala motsatira gudumu, wogwiritsidwa ntchito poika mabetcha a oyandikana ndi a gawo ndi kudina kamodzi.Werengani yonse →. Nevada inaletsa zipangizo zolosera mu Meyi 1985, ndipo ma studio a pompopompo tsopano amatseka kubetcha pamene mpira ukuponyedwa.

Mmene makasino analimbanirana nazo

M’zaka pamene mabetcha ankalandiridwabe mpira utaponyedwa, makasino ankalimbana ndi osewera okayikiridwa kudzera mwa dealer. Nkhani za osewera a dongosolo a Norman Leigh ku Nice mu 1966 ndi za magulu olosera a pambuyo pake zimafotokoza croupieranthuCroupierDealer wa pa tebulo la roulette.Werengani yonse → watsopano pa kuzungulira kulikonse, mpira wosinthidwa, kuzungulira kofupikitsidwa kapena kothamanga, tebulo lodzaza ndi anthu a kasino yomwe, ndipo pomaliza tebulo lotsekedwa. Nkhani zimenezi zimachokera kumbali ya osewera ndipo ndi zovuta kuzitsimikiza (Goldman, 2007). Njirazo zimamveka mulimonse: kuzungulira kwafupi kapena kothamanga sikungalunjikitse mpira ku kabowozipangizoKabowoChimodzi mwa tibowo 37 tokhala ndi manambala pa rotor. Kamatchedwanso: slot, cup.Werengani yonse →, koma kumasokoneza nthawi imene wolosera amayeza.

Kodi Ma Dealer a Roulette Angalunjikitse Manambala? Nthano

Kulondola kumene kulosera kukufunika

Thorp (1984) anawerengera mtengo wa kulosera pamene cholakwika chake chikutsatira mawonekedwe a belu: pa kuzungulira kwachizolowezi kabowo kolosedwa kamakhala kolakwika ndi tibowo σ mbali imodzi kapena ina. Betchani nambala yolosedwa yokha, kapena iyo ndi oyandikanabetchaOyandikanaNambala imodzi ndi tibowo tiwiri mbali iliyonse ya nambalayo pa gudumu, machipi asanu a straight-up.Werengani yonse → awiri mbali iliyonse, ndipo mwayi umadalira pa σ yokha. Kulosera kwangwiro kukanapambana straight upbetchaStraight upNambala imodzi, amalipira 35:1.Werengani yonse → iliyonse. Pa σ = tibowo 10, kulondola kumene Thorp ndi Shannon anafika, straight up imabweza pafupifupi +44%, nambala imene Thorp amapereka pa chipangizo chawo; nkhani yake ya 1998 imaiika pa gawo limodzi mwa asanu ndi atatu la gudumu lokondedwa kwambiri. Mwayi umatsika mwachangu pamene cholakwika chikukula ndipo umatha pa pafupifupi tibowo 17 pa gudumu la ku Ulaya ndi 16 pa la ku America, pamene kulosera kukuphonya ndi pafupifupi theka la gudumu. Kuwerengera kwa zolakwika kwa Thorp mwiniwake kumasonyeza chifukwa chake malire amenewo ali pafupi: zolakwika zosiyana za tibowo 1.4 ndi 5.5 kuchokera pa kuwerengera nthawi ya rotor ndi mpira, 7 kuchokera pa kugwa kwa mpira pa ma deflectorzipangizoDeflectorChimodzi mwa zotchinga zachitsulo pa apron zomwe zimamwaza mpira wogwa. Chimatchedwanso: canoe, diamond, pin.Werengani yonse → ndi 6 kuchokera pa kudumpha m’tibowo zimaphatikizana kufika pafupifupi 10.8.

Kuchepa kwa Liwiro

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